Green Planet

INTRODUCTION

Papaya ( Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit having commercial importance because of its high nutritive and medicinal value.

Papaya cultivation had its origin in South Mexico and Costa Rica.

Total annual world production is estimated at 6 million tonnes of fruits.

India leads the world in papaya production with an annual output of about 3 million tonnes.

Other leading producers are Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia, China, Peru, Thailand and Philippines.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil - Deep, well drained sandy loam soil is ideal for cultivation of papaya.

Temperature - 35°C - 38°C

cultivation- June-September is the best season for planting.

pH - 6.5 to 7

Rainfall - 35 cm to 250 cm annual precipitation.

IRRIGATION

Irrigation has a special significance in the potato production as the plant has shallow and sparse root system.

First irrigation should be light and given 5-7 days after planting and subsequent irrigation are given at 7-15 days interval depending upon the climatic condition and soil type.

The drip system of irrigation is most economical giving highest productivity and saving almost 50% water.

It also enables application of fertilizers through irrigation water.

CULTIVATION

Best Planting Time for Papaya Farming :- Papaya is planted during spring (February-March), monsoon (June-July) and autumn (October-November).

Spacing between Papaya Plants:- A spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m. is normally followed. However higher density cultivation with spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m./ha enhances the returns to the farmer and is recommended.

High Density Planting in Papaya Farming :– A closer spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m. for cv. Pusha Nanha is adopted for high density planting, accommodating 6,400 plants/ha.

Planting Method in Papaya Farming :- The seedlings are planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm. size. In the summer months the pits are dug about a fortnight before planting. The pits are filled with top soil along with 20 kg. of Bhoomi Power.

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

1. DEFICIENCY OF NITROGEN

The yellowing in nitrogen deficiency is uniform over the entire leaf including the veins.

Recovery of deficient plants to applied nitrogen is immediate (days) and spectacular.

Younger leaves turn darker green, older leaves remain yellow. Upward cupping of deficient when severs.

TREATMENT :

Use

NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use

SPALL90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

2. DEFICIENCY OF PHOSPHOROUS

The symptoms first develop on older leaves showing some necrotic spots and plants are dwarfed or stunted.

Phosphorus deficient plants develop very slowly. Plants develop a distinct purpling of the stem, petiole and the under sides of the leaves.

Plant remains stunted, darker than normal color. Lower leaf surface gray-green. Leaflets roll upward, severely if deficiency is severe.

TREATMENT :

Use

NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use

SPALL90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

3. DEFICIENCY OF SULFUR

There is an overall chlorosis i.e. yellowing of the foliage which can be confused with nitrogen deficiency.

Deficiencies are usually observed during the early stages of crop development but later, the upper leaves may become paler than the bottom ones and show necrotic spots in the central parts of the leaflets.

Lack of sulphur encourages early maturing.

TREATMENT :

Use

NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use

SPALL90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

4. DEFICIENCY OF MANGANESE

The young upper potato leaves have a dull green colour and show interveinal chlorosis with many small necrotic dots, localised mainly along the veins .

The plants are smaller, with necrotic areas on leaf margins.

TREATMENT :

Use Manganese EDTA

0.5 gm per

litre of water

Use Grow

2 ml per litre

of water

Use SPALL90

0.5ml per litre

of water

5. DEFICIENCY OF IRON

Young shoots and leaves are pale yellow or even whitish because the chlorophyll formation is impaired, however the veins remain green and marked .

In the case of severe deficiency, plants are stunted and all the top leaves may be chlorotic.

Iron deficiency is rare, except in some calcareous, high pH or clay soils where soil iron may be fixated, therefore becoming less available for the plant.

TREATMENT :

Use Ferric EDTA

0.5-01 gm per litre

of water

Use NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use SPALL90

0.5ml per litre

of water

6. DEFICIENCY OF BORON

A typical symptom consists of the death or delayed development of the growing buds on foliage or tubers.

The terminal bunches of the plants turn yellow and necrotise . The plants have a bushy appearance and the top leaflets are thickened and may curl upwards .

The plants may have a slow emergence and foliar development or may even be stunted, because of the shortening of the internodes. In severe cases, yield reduction may occur.

TREATMENT :

Use NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use BLOOM

2 ml per litre

of water

Use SPALL90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

7. DEFICIENCY OF POTASSIUM

This deficiency is manifested firstly on the older leaves because potassium is highly mobile inside the plants.

Symptoms begin with discoloured then necrotic brown spots firstly at the leaf margins, then spreading across the leaf blade within the veins.

Leaves become deep veined, deformed and with a dark-green colour and shiny and metallic aspect (“bronzing”).

TREATMENT :

Use

NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use

SPALL90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

8. DEFICIENCY OF ZINC

The leaves show interveinal necrosis.

In the early stages of zinc deficiency the younger leaves become yellow and pitting develops in the interveinal upper surfaces of the mature leaves.

As the deficiency progress these symptoms develop into an intense interveinal necrosis but the main veins remain green, as in the symptoms of recovering iron deficiency.

TREATMENT :

Use Ferric EDTA

0.5-01 gm per litre

of water

Use NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use SPALL90

0.5ml per litre

of water

9. DEFICIENCY OF MAGNESIUM

The bottom leaves first present mild interveinal, pale-green to yellow chlorosis (photos 1 and 2) which subsequently turn brown and finally become necrotic .

Such lesions are not unusual on potato plants, during the last part of the growing season, particularly on some cultivars.

Lesions are typically located on the central part of the leaflets, except on the veins of the older leaves (as magnesium is highly mobile in the plant).

TREATMENT :

Use NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use BLOOM

2 ml per litre

of water

Use SPALL90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

10. DEFICIENCY OF CALCIUM

The young leaves and the leaf tips become chlorotic, smaller and slightly curled .

In the case of severe calcium deficiency, plants may be stunted.

As calcium is not very mobile in the plant, symptoms are typically located on the apical parts of the leaves, stems and sprouts.

Necrotic and black tips on the sprouts as well as tuber internal rust spot are sometimes related to a lack of calcium availability.

TREATMENT :

Use Calcium EDTA

0.5-01 gm per litre

of water

Use NITROKING

2-3 ml per litre

of water

Use SPALL90

0.5ml per litre

of water

DISEASES

1. FUNGAL DISEASE: CONTACT-BASED FUNGAL DISEASE

1. ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

TREATMENT :

Use PPFC

2-3 gm per litre

of water

Use SpAll90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

1. FUNGAL DISEASE: CONTACT-BASED FUNGAL DISEASE

2. POWDERY MILDEW (Oidium indicum)

TREATMENT :

Use PPFC

2-3 gm per litre

of water

Use SpAll90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

1. FUNGAL DISEASE: CONTACT-BASED FUNGAL DISEASE

CERCOSPORA BLACK SPOT ( Cercospora caricae)

TREATMENT :

Use PPFC

2-3 gm per litre

of water

Use SpAll90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

1. FUNGAL DISEASE: SYSTEMIC-BASED FUNGAL DISEASE

RHIZOPUS ROT(Rhizopus stolonifer)

TREATMENT :

Use Fungohit

2-3ml per litre

of water

Use SpAll90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

1. FUNGAL DISEASE: SYSTEMIC-BASED FUNGAL DISEASE

2. PHOMOPSIS ROT (Phomopsis caricae-papaya)

TREATMENT :

Use Fungohit

2-3ml per litre

of water

Use SpAll90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

1. FUNGAL DISEASE: SYSTEMIC-BASED FUNGAL DISEASE

3. STEM END ROT (Phytopthora erythroseptica)

TREATMENT :

Use Fungohit

2-3ml per litre

of water

Use SpAll90

0.5 ml per litre

of water

3. VIRUS

1. PAPAYA RING SPOT VIRUS

TREATMENT :

Use Virohit 2-3 ml per litre of water
Use virosol 2-3 ml per litre of water
Use PPNP 1 ml per litre of water
Use SpAll90 0.5 ml per litre of water

3. VIRUS

2. PAPAYA MOSAIC DISEASE

TREATMENT :

Use Virohit 2-3 ml per litre of water
Use virosol 2-3 ml per litre of water
Use PPNP 1 ml per litre of water
Use SpAll90 0.5 ml per litre of water

3. VIRUS

3.PAPAYA LEAF CURL DISEASE

TREATMENT :

Use Virohit 2-3 ml per litre of water
Use virosol 2-3 ml per litre of water
Use PPNP 1 ml per litre of water
Use SpAll90 0.5 ml per litre of water